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This department too started its work in 1316, when the museum was inaugurated. More than 9,000 artifacts comprise this department’s holdings. A great number of artifacts preserved here were unearthed in archeological excavations. Some were donated, discovered accidentally, or confiscated by law enforcing authorities and trusted with this or other museum departments. Including among collections preserved here are:
o Bazargan Collection (17 artifacts from Loristan and 48 from Historic Periods.)
o Mohsen Forughi Collection (101 artifacts from Loristan and 105 from Historic Periods.)
o Stalkh Jan Collection (25 artifacts from Historic period.)
The main activities of this department concentrate on: creating conditions favorable to preservation and conservation of artifacts, study and research, introducing artifacts and publishing: books, articles, bulletins, catalogs, brochures; preparing scientific records (careful description of artifacts, taking phonographs and compiling bibliographies), helping newly founded museums by providing needed artifacts, completing museum collections, particularly local museums all over Iran, providing researchers with needed information, counseling students in their research work and last but not the least, holding exhibitions, both at home and abroad.
Historical collection of Achaemenid period
Historical collection of Seleuci & Parti’s Empire
Historical collection of Sassanid period
Geographical and natural location of Lorestan
Bronze of Lorestan
Lorestan bronze manufacturers
Methods of making bronze objects
A Lorestan historical Section started its work after establishment of the museum in theYear 1(Iranian calendar).
Objects available in this section are more than nine thousand pieces.
Most of these objects were collected from archeological excavations.
Some of them have been gifted to the museum or been unexpectedly discovered or confiscated by legal authorities and sent to this section.
In this section there is a collection of Border trades 2 collection of Mohsen Foroughi 3and Astalkh John collection 4
Major activities of Lorestan historical section are the following:
to create favorable conditions to preserve the objects, study, introducing the objects, publish books, articles, bulletins, catalogs, brochures and ...
providing scientific ID for the objects (including object description, providing the needs of the new museums and villages, giving information that is needed to researchers and guide to schools and university students for their research works, holding research works, domestic and foreign exhibitions.
Obtained objects from Lorestan province in Elam, Kermanshah and Lorestan shows the culture and art of people of the these places during the third thousnand k.m to Hezare first k.m.
Between those things from Lorestan, bronze works in Lorestan gained reputation world wide.
Historical objects from Shoosh, Persepolis, Amir Khuzestan, Hamadan, Nahavaand, Gilan and ... was found and introduced to Arts and Culture of Hakhaminshi, Soloki, Part and Sasani.
In the year 1928 to 1930 a wide range of bronze objects known as Lorestan bronze entered Antiques market in different countries, this caused a favorable ground for the studying them.
As well archeological studies and researches in West areas of Iran especially in the provinces of Lorestan, Elam, Kermanshah was started.
Different scientists have made their studies on these areas and gave different comments and dates , some of said that these objects were
build by Kasy race who lived in the Zagros Foothills 5
The collection available in Lorestan section of Ancient Iran Museum, due to multiplicity and diversity of these kinds of objects made it one of the most complete and valuable collection in the world.
Most of these objects have been discovered through unscientific excavations, some the result of scientific exploration from Choon and Rakbood historical areas and …., from Lorestan and Kermanshahan province, by buying it or receiving it as a present for the section of the museum.
Bronze objects in the collection include war tools as:
Dagger, sword, Sarkoz and ... Instruments and horse leaf (types of fermium, hangs and ...) , Jewelry (earrings, ring, necklace and ...) small human and animal sculpture, various spell, various clay dishes where also there.
In the collection of the bronze objects in the section is the famous sculpture known as the Lorestan worrior with cuneiform Babylon writing sculptured on it came from the mountains behind Loristan 6 Small bronze plate from Doj (castle) picture and a human with wings from Rekbod on it 7 Historical section of Iran National museum is known for objects from Hakhamanshi , Soloki, Part and Sasani dynasty.
With the vanishing of Maad kingdom, the great empire of Hakhamanshi by Korosh in the year 8 became the ruler.
In that period of Hakhamanshi, arts have expanded in a wide range. Spectrum
Things available of that period is of famous places like Perispolis, Pasargad, Shosh, Hamedan, during archeological excavations and was accidentally obtained. These objects like the embossed picture of perispolis on public cargo Hakhamanshi king, engraved bricks, the sculpture without head of Darius statue without head line with cuneiform inscriptions of ancient Parsi, Babylonian, Elamite, and is hieroglyphic writing.
With attack of Alexander to Iran, the hakhamanshi empire in period of Hakhamanshi the third in the year 9 has ended.
The victory of Alexnder on Iran caused great cultural transformations and and many of the greek culture was taken and the Greeks were also influenced by Eastern culture.
After Alexander's death in 10 Soloks’s inherited a large part of the Hhamenshi Empire.
Soloks’s till the 11.. strengthened its government in Iran and Bainel nahreen , but from the year 12 Part kinfolk with Eshk leadership drove Soloks’s out of Babylon and Ashkanian dynasty was founded.
Arts monument of Partian in Iran are from Samsi, Soleiman mosque, Khorhe, Mahalt, Gilan areas.
Valuable things from these place are now in Museum of Ancient Iran.
A part of the famous bronze head known as Antenos mask, statue of Atena, Zeus and ...
From them was also the famous bronze statue of statue known as Sardar, or Prince of Parti and from Shami and …....
By Defeating Ardavan the 5th , the last Ashkani king by Ardeshir the 1st in the year 13 Sassanid Dynasty was established and by the killing of Yazdgardan the 3rd in Marv in the 651 AD the life of this dynasty have also came to an end.
Art of this period, depending on its ancient elements of the east and Helnesty arts with the continuation of Iranian spirit is a part of Hakhamannshi’s arts and in many fields of arts like pottery, textiles, Glass works , Gypsum works, metalworks, sculpture and ... valuable works of places like Beshaboor, Damghan, Sosh, Gilan, Haji Abad and ... have remained.
Valuable objects of this period are silver dishes with picture of Sasanian kings and musicians engraved on it.
A biography of Hakhamanshi dynasty
Forming of Hakhamanshi empire following the vanishing of Maad’s rule by Korosh in 14 was the turning point in the history of ancient Iran.
Hakhamanshi Empire was first and largest empire in the world that had, bainal nahreen, Syria, Egypt, small Asia, cities and parts of the Greece islands and parts of India and cities of Shoosh, Akbatan, Babel, Pasargard and Persepolis.
Persispolis in different periods Hakhamenshi ruler ship was chosen as the capital of their state and government center.
With the reach of Dariush the 1st empire in 15, was a new era in the history that began that was named as age of Parsi and with a special art of Hakhamanshi reached its peak.
This dynasty was after 200 years of Daryosh the 3rd rule 16 came to an end by Alexander the Macedonian.
Historical background of Solokians and Parts
Alexander the Macedonian, son of Philippe the Macedonian, when his father's died he was no more than 20 years in age.
Alexander during his teens under the supervision of scientists of that time, like Aristotle, he was brought up, gradually learning science, philosophy, and military affairs and management of a country.
After holding over Greece he thought of expanding Greek culture to the world by expanding his army to Asia.
By defeating Daryosh the 3rd and the fall of Persepolis by Alexander (31 kM.) the Hakhamnish empire has also fallen and treasury of Hakhaminshi in Shosh, , Persepolis, Pasargadae, Hamadan and other Iranian cities came under the control of Alexander.
This defeat for the Iranians was not only a military defeat but also a cultural transformation and was a period of the influence of culture and arts of West which took over Iran for 5 centuries.
Alexander to strengthen and stabilize his government and Greek culture took some steps as follows.:
After the conquest of the Hindu Kush17 returned to Shosh and lived there for five years , married with Daryosh daughter and encouraged other Greek commanders and soldiers to marry with Iranian girls.
During the attack of Alexander to Iran, Macedonian troops settlement in Iran in military compounds by the main roads and there large cities were built.
After Alexander's death in Babylon 18 great commotion throughout the country Macedonian government was established in Europe, Greece, Egypt and Solokians took over in in Asia.
Solokos inherited a huge part of the Hakhamanshi Empire.
He was followed the policies of Alexander with the married with Apama daughter of Aspatiyamen in Bakterya lands.
Building a race that which was a combination of Iranian and Macedonians, to create unity in his territory he build cities with Greek settlers.
Due to the availability of political, business and art facilities was the cause of coming of various classes of Greece society, building new cities. Immigrants came to live with the native residents and promoting Greece culture and art and with the support of the government.
Antiokhos son and successor Solocos, dynasty that was established by the father, gave strength to his kingdom.
Solocos had ruled the land in Iran and bainel nahreen till 19.
In the year 20 Solocos were under the pressure of Beyabanger people of north east, in the year 21, kinfolt of Parts with the leadership of Ashk were driven out of Babylon and formed the Ashkanians dynasty.
Som of Part’s is Khorasan today.
Daryosh the 1st in Bisotun inscriptions, Persepolis, Naqsh-e Rustam and the land with the name of Parto , Greek authors called Part as the state of Hakhamanshi Parto province.
Parthians attached various cities to their capital including Nesa, Dorara’apos, City of hundred gates, Tesiphon.
They for buiding their government and managing it, like the Solokians, followed Hakhamanshi’s policies.
Traces and archeological evidence of Part civilization are very limited. Therefore that age is called the dark middle period of ancient civilization.
With discoveries made in the Nesa, Iran, Hatra (Alhazr), Palmira, Dowra’arropos, recognition of some art features was possible in the Shoosh, Kangavar, Soleiman mosque, Shooshtar Barde neshande, Kangavar, Khoreh, Garmi, Gilan, Khajeh Mountain and ... our knowledge about this period, especially in connection with religious beliefs.
In these areas, religious connections of Partians, different forms of graves and burial methods shows lack of religious unity.
Some designs indicates Parthians respect to the sacred fire, considerable number of figures and sculptures under influence of Helnesty arts, shows Parthians believes on the Greek gods.
However remains of Part’s objects and works of that period apparent to Greek but have roots of ancient East art in it.
As a whole, Partians civilization shows the link with culture and arts of East and West.
Helnesty arts that is after the death of Alexander 22 to the conquer of the Roman troops over Egypt 23 has expanded with the decline of Part’s government, towards disappearance and death of Ardowan the 5th with Ardsheer son of Babak (the founder of Sasanid Dynasty) in 226 AD, in this time, as the period of the combination of spirit and art of the west with the spirit and art of the east.
Sasani’s period
This dynasty that under Ardsheer 1st by the year 1226 AD after the fall of Ardowan the 5th the last king of the Ashkanians.
Art of this period followed the rebirth of Hakhamanshi’s empire, fundamentally build on old Eastern elements with firming the connection and bond of arts in that civilization.
Sasanian arts with the continuation of the Ashkani’s culture was effective for it its time, was pure and had Iranian characteristics in it.
This arts have passed the borders eastern imperial of arts and Iranian arts principals - Buddhism that have over shadowed Afghanistan and China, and was like a bridge between ancient civilizations of Asia and new civilization of Islam and the medieval West.
Sasanian art is like a bridge between ancient Eastern civilizations, new Islamic civilization and West medival civilization.
Sasanian arts is s mixture of old Eastern arts and Helnysty arts with Iranian spirit.
Arts of the Far East to the Atlantic coast that played an important role in forming Asian and Europen arts.
Islamic civilization was the real heir of Sasanian art that adapted it and gave it a new life.
Geographical and natural location of Lorestan
Lorestan region that is known today, that is located in west Iran, nearly thirty thousand square kilometers of area in the northwestern province of Kermanshah, from the West ends and from the south ends to Khozestan, fromto sezar valley or Doz that is between Bakhteyari soil and Lorestan from north-east it extands to Melayer and Brojerd.
The most important of Lorestan mountain chain is as follows:
South Mountains is mount Kor (Kavar) which today they call it Kabeer Koh, which extends to North Bakhtary to South Khavary, because Lorestan is Divide by a great wall of mountains, one is front mountain and the other is behind the mountains.
The city center for the province, for the part of lorestan located behind the mountains is Aelam and the center city in the mountain front is Khoram-abad.
The northen mountain chain is Gary mountain that extends from north Bakhtary to South Khavary and follows Ashtara mountain and mount Pina or Pona the major peaks of this mountain chain.
The West and Central Mountain chains are the White Mountains that starts from Khoramabad and extends to north Bakhtary of Lorestan, mount Mepal , the two mount Veraz and Homyan are the important Mountains of this important of this region.
Mountains of east and center are Yafteh mountain near Khoram-abad, mount Heshtad pahlo in the South of Khoram-abad , mount Choweni, Chenara and Mount Taf.
These mountains in are in high plains and narrower valleys.
In the west towards a vast plains of Beinel nahreen , mountains are with less range, less compression and little by little turns to hill.
Inside Lorestan are low-altitude warm pastures and low gentle slopes in the west, with higher and cooler plains which are usually separated by mountains.
This chain of mountains pass is central passage were the migration settlement provides settle.
1: In Lorestan there are three big valleys, Sezar and Doz between Bakhteyari and Lorestan.
2: Keshkan valley, and Semreh valley that flows pass the last lead of West Elaheyeh (Mount Kor) to the soil Khuzestan and is called Karkheh.
In the mountains of East and West of Lorestan as well in most parts of Semire’s river and you will find all kinds of fruitful and fruitless trees. Especially pistachio and wild pear, oak, plane, Oak, plane, hair, Van, Tabrizi are ypes and kinds of wild herds are seen.
There are many ancient hills found in Lorestan that most important of them are Dareh romshekan that Includes Comelteran 1 and 2, and Keshkan including Khohdasht (Sarkhadam), Dalfan, Tarhan, Dom pendant, Khatoon ban, Cheghabal, Fondok, Heleyan, Berdbal, Chenarbashy, and Cheshmeh mahi.
Lorestan bronze
Iran has a very long history involing in melting mine stone and extracting copper, extracted from the works obtained from Qazvin belongs to 24 Ali Cash Dehloran, Selk hill, Ebless hill in the central field from Kerman mountains.
Old metalworkers for extracting the sources and using their compounds, have applied firmer allow of cooper and tin alloy of copper and tin that were the so-called Tin found that the so-called bronze and is one of the most bronze famous industry of Iran.
Bronze age in Iran is divided into three branches that include:
1 – Old Bronze age from 25
2-Middle bronze age 26
3 - New bronze age from 27
One of the known areas known for Bronze industry is in Lorestan.
Lorestan Iran is in the center of the western bar of Iran and consists of narrow valleys and high mountains.
Referring to evidence existing, metal works in Lorestan, from 28.
One of the known areas known for Bronze industry is in Lorestan area. Lorestan Iran and center of the western bar of Iran in the the narrow valleys and narrow collection and consists of mountains Rising. Referring to 39 metalworks in Lorestan.
Copper and tin mines in ancient Persia
Sahand mountains near Tabriz and around Nagorno-dagh, southern slopes of Zagros near Astarabad and Shahroud, Anarak in Isfahan, Rabat Elks Abad near Mashad, Lorestan, around Hamadan and around Caspian Sea.
In those areas there is large amount of copper ore mines.
In connection with imported metal we cite on this issue, in the 29.
There was Metal trade from Eastern Anatolia to Ashoria and metal use to be transferred as war trophies by the rulers of Ashoria.
Metal things that are attributed of metal objects attributed to Lorestan from back the past half century attracted the attention of many scholars and researchers which many and adorned by most of the large museums in world.
Lorestan bronze manufacturers
Researches in this field due to the lack of written evidence and lack written evidence was difficult, most researchers are from Kasy Kayremis of 30 and named as Lorestan bronze.
A group also believed that most works attributed to Sakhtshan Elam and Lorestan, place were Sakhteshan Elam and benelnahreen which through trade or trophies by the armies entered Zagros.
It is certain that traces of Lorestan bronze works made with skillful technique with rich decorations which can not be the work of settlers of Koch.
Which means that Koch settlers worked in producing and renovating simple daily equipments and real metalworkers from Loristan use to work as small groups in city centers Helan, Terhan and south Kordistan and most orders use to come from warriors or rulers in south-west or north-eastern plains.
Metal industries, mostly was protected by the minority, the rulers and wealthy class.
Methods of Constructing bronze objects
In making bronze objects two ways Casting and working hammer is used and basically three types of casting is known in Open casts Open Mould and or closed and method of using Lost Wax (Lost-Wax method)
1- Open mould: Single mould made from is made of stone that molten metal is pured inside the hollow shape and after the freezing of molten metal that has been poured the thing that is obtained.
This is seems simple this mould is used for making bayonet, dagger, sword and some of the pins
2- Closed mould: In this method is more complex than producing in open mould and needs more knowledge and skills.
Closed mould is in the form of two pieces of stone that in each half the desired object is created.
For pouring metal object, the two pieces are put together (on top of each other) a special hole is made and the molten metal is poured inside from the hole.
3- Lost-Wax method: In this method, first the object is made by wax and is cover with a layer of special clay.
Due to the heat the wax goes out from the made holes, characteristics of the desired object is made by pouring in the molten material within the model.
This method used for making many objects.
When intending to make a hollow metal object, its model is made by special clay (fireproof), then it is covered with wax or tar and the desired detail is made on it and then it is covered with gypsum.
By heating the wax or tar is melts outside and one empty space is formed between the clay model and gypsum mould.
This free space is filled with molten material and with breaking out the plaster and taking out the special clay, an object which is empty from inside is obtained.
Hammer work, on hot and cold metal objects
After completion of casting, other works is performed, hammer work on metal objects is one of the oldest methods used to shape objects; this method is done on heat or on cold.
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